A Very Short History of Lithuania

One of the reasons behind my move to Lithuania was that it is a perfect case study of 20th century European history, with its independence between the two World Wars, then the occupation by the Soviet Union, by Nazi Germany, by the Soviet Union again, one of the main killing fields of the Holocaust and finally independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

When I checked the ticket prices for the buses in Vilnius, I came across the following price list. If you read through some of the categories of persons who receive a discount, you will get a very short history of Lithuania in the 20th century.

PASSENGERS Type of tickets and price in litas
single tickets nominal monthly tickets
at kiosk in trolleybus and bus to go by trolleybus to go by bus to go by trolleybus and bus
1. Students, pupils 1,00 1,25 17,00 17,00 22,00
2. Pensioners up to 80 years old 1,00 1,25 42,50 42,50 55,00
3. People with accepted partial perfomance (partly disabled) 1,00 1,25 42,50 42,50 55,00
4. People who were identified as invalid of cat. II till 2005 1,00 1,25 42,50 42,50 55,00
5. Participants of resistance to 1940-1990 occupations – military volunteers under 70 years of age and participants of fights for liberation 1,00 1,25 42,50 42,50 55,00
6. Persons who have suffered from 1939-1990 occupations – political prisoners and exiles and former prisoners of ghettos, concentration camps and other types of suppression camps 1,00 1,25 42,50 42,50 55,00
7. Defenders of independence of the Republic of Lithuania who have become disabled due to Soviet Union aggression during January 11-13, 1991 and at later times 1,00 1,25 42,50 42,50 55,00
8. Family members of the perished defenders of independence of the Republic of Lithuania who have suffered from Soviet Union aggression during January 11-13, 1991 and at later times 0,40 17,00 17,00 22,00
9. Persons with a disability rate, or the recognition of disabled persons 0,40 17,00 17,00 22,00
10. Persons who are ill with diseases included in the list drawn-up by the Ministry of Health and whose treatment constantly requires haemodialysis and to their escort (one escort for one person) 0,40 17,00 17,00 22,00
11. Participants of resistance to 1940-1990 occupations – military volunteers 70 years of age and older 0,40 17,00 17,00 22,00
12. Protectors of Lithuania independency, injured during 1991 January 11-13 and afters, with accepted partial perfomance (partly disabled) and reached the age of old-age pension 0,40 17,00 17,00 22,00
13. Pensioners over 80 years old 0,40 17,00 17,00 22,00
14. People who were identified as children invalid or invalids of cat. I till 2005 0,40 17,00 17,00 22,00
15. All other persons (no discount) only working days 2,00 2,50 75,00 75,00 100,00
working days and weekends 85,00 85,00 110,00

(C) for the photo: Bjørn Giesenbauer

Posted in Europe, History, Lithuania | 10 Comments

Democracy in Bolivia

It’s still there, but …

casa-de-a-democracia

(Photograped in La Paz on the anniversary of the 2016 constitutional referendum.)

Links:

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The Lazy People of Malta

In the most complete study yet of physical activity, covering 122 countries, the people of Malta turned out to be the laziest people in the world. 72% of Maltese don’t get enough exercise, for which they would only need to engage in 30 minutes of moderate exercise 5 days a week, 20 minutes of vigorous exercise 3 days a week or some combination of the two.

As someone who lived on Malta for 5 months, I was saddened by that information. But then, thinking back to my time on this Mediterranean island, I can come up with a number of possible explanations for this laziness.

Too many cars

Malta is quite small and you could easily get everywhere by bicycle or even by walking. Still, everyone and his uncle have their own car. The few people who don’t own a car have a boat, a motorbike, a horse-drawn carriage or one of these fancy new science-fiction Segways; anything to make sure that you don’t need to walk one step too many.

I never understood the Maltese obsession with cars. There is not enough space to put them, the public transport system is very good and the most affordable in Europe, and distances are not far, enabling bicycle use or walking. I once missed the last bus from the airport and had to walk all the way to San Pawl il-Baħar, almost the complete length of the island. Even that only took 3 hours.

Not enough space to exercise

That is really a problem. Malta seems to be in the grip of the construction Mafia, who set out to cover even the last piece of natural land with concrete and bricks. This is even more shocking in light of the thousands of empty houses and office buildings that already ruin the landscape.

It is really hard to find a large area of green space that is good for runs or long walks. There is really only one forest, at Buskett, and it’s not exactly huge. My parents in Germany have more trees in their garden than this “forest” has.

There are some beautiful areas to walk in, e.g. Il-Majjistral Nature Park, although you may (accidentally?) get gunned down by hunters during your stroll. The landscape along the coast is dramatic and the colours beautiful but because of the complete absence of shade, I can understand that people don’t want to venture there in summer. Also because of too many cars on the road (see problem #1), it’s not necessarily a joy to get there by bicycle or by walking.

Hiking is also made more complicated by all the “Private!”, “Keep out!”, “Do not enter!” and other signs, some of them with threatening depictions of skulls.

Culture and heritage

Lastly, laziness seems to be embedded in Maltese culture. At the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni, statues were discovered from around 3000 B.C. Even back then, the Maltese were already couch-potatoes:

Posted in Malta, Travel | Tagged , , , | 43 Comments

No liability for intergalactic struggle

When I do legal translations, I often wonder if anyone will ever read all the terms and conditions and privacy policies that I translate. Probably not. Even I as a lawyer don’t read them very often.

That brings up the idea of sneaking something funny or crazy into terms and conditions to see if anyone will ever find out. Of course, I am an honorable person, so I have never done that. But now I had a client with humor (or with a lawyer with humor) who already has a provision about intergalactic struggles in their terms and conditions.

intergalactic-struggles

Not surprisingly, they refuse any liability in such a case.

Posted in Language, Law | Tagged | 3 Comments

Easily Confused (63) Politicians and Science

Donald Trump:

Justin Trudeau:

What a difference an education makes.

Posted in Canada, Politics, USA | Tagged , , , , | 1 Comment

Pardon me!

When laws change, people who were once convicted as criminals are (sometimes) pardoned. We often find that just and necessary, like in the case of those convicted of homosexual acts when this was still a crime (which isn’t all that long ago), or those sentenced by previous dictatorial regimes. Reading Emmanuel Carrère‘s book Limonov, I found an interesting new perspective of these kind of pardons, in the context of Gorbachev’s glasnost policy.

In 1989, Alexander Yakovlev, Gorbachev’s principal adviser, explained on television that the decree rehabilitating all those who had been persecuted since 1917 was not at all a measure of clemency, as people in the Party were saying, but of repentance: “We are not pardoning them, we are asking their pardon. The goal of this decree is to rehabilitate us, who by remaining silent and looking away were accomplices to these crimes.”

Wise words.

Alexander Yakovlev

Alexander Yakovlev

Posted in Books, Cold War, History, Law, Politics | Tagged , | Leave a comment

After the Rain

On my way back by bicycle from Europos Parkas to Vilnius, I first got lost (just a tiny bit) and then got caught up in the rain. By the time I had reached a patch of forest to seek shelter, I had already been soaked and was shivering from the cold that rain and wind brought with it.

After the rain however, I was rewarded with this sight.

The forest on the left is the one that provided cover during the downpour.

Posted in Lithuania, Photography, Travel | Tagged , | 13 Comments

After the Revolution

I am re-posting this article from 2015 because it seems that in Romania, the revolution is indeed never over:

– – –

This afternoon I had a brief exchange with a friend about the long-term effects of the Romanian revolution, probably the most bad-ass revolution of all the 1989 revolutions.

As you can see from the following excerpt, I was much more positive in my assessment, stressing the progress that has been made in Romania. But I do quite frequently hear dissatisfaction, particularly with the lack of criminal convictions of those responsible for the killing of protesters during the revolution as well as for the Ceaușescu dictatorship in general, but also with the political system, the media and the way parties work.

Romanian revolution unfinished

I think this level of criticism and skepticism is healthy and useful, although, as I point out in the conversation above, I find it natural that a revolution runs out of steam once the primary objectives have been achieved. It’s much harder to explain why people should take to the street about changing the law of admitting new parties than it is to motivate people to rise up against a regime that leaves them hungry, cold and destitute.

Coincidentally, later today I was reading Ryszard Kapuściński’s Shah of Shahs, a most insightful book about the revolution in Iran in 1979, and came across the following passage:

When thinking about the fall of any dictatorship, one should have no illusions that the whole system comes to an end like a bad dream with that fall. The physical existence of the system does indeed cease. But its psychological and social results live on for years, and even survive in the form of subconsciously continued behavior. A dictatorship that destroys the intelligentsia and culture leaves behind itself an empty, sour field on which the tree of thought won’t grow quickly. It is not always the best people who emerge from hiding, from the corners and cracks of that farmed-out field, but often those who have proven themselves strongest, not always those who will create new values but rather those whose thick skin and internal resilience have ensured their survival. In such circumstances history begins to turn in a tragic, vicious circle from which it can sometimes take a whole epoch to break free.

I am curious to hear from my Romanian readers, particularly those who remember the time of the revolution, what you think about this.

Posted in Books, History, Iran, Philosophy, Politics, Romania | Tagged | 8 Comments

Cats in Riga

cat Riga

cat 3 Riga

lion Riga

cat 2 Riga(All photos taken during my trip to Riga in March 2013.)

Posted in Latvia, Photography, Travel | Tagged , | 16 Comments

Maritime Law with Cats

When I started this blog, I promised myself that I would never stoop as low as other blogs who use photos of cats to surreptitiously obtain their readers’ affection. But now I have come across a historical source of law in which cats fill maritime law with life.

Katze SchiffThe legal code of the Consulate of Valencia, published in 1494, contains the following clauses, whose disregard in subsequent centuries may have contributed to the demise of cats’ social status:

If any property or merchandise is damaged by rats while aboard a vessel, and the patron had failed to provide a cat to protect it from rats, he shall pay the damage; however, it was not explained what will happen if there were cats aboard the vessel while it was being loaded, but during the journey these cats died and the rats damaged the cargo before the vessel reached a port where the patron of the vessel could purchase additional cats. If the patron of the vessel purchases and puts aboard cats at the first port of call where such cats can be purchased, he cannot be held responsible for the damages since this did not happen owing to any negligence on his part.

(From Consulate of the Sea and Related Documents by Stanley Jados, quoted according to The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean by David Abulafia. – Hier geht es zur deutschen Version.)

Posted in Books, History, Law, Travel | Tagged , , | 2 Comments